冬季秸秆还田和土地管理对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响

利用田间试验研究了冬季3种土地管理方式下（种麦、休闲和淹水）秸秆施用（4800kg·hm^-2和0）对后续稻季CH。排放的影响。结果表明,休闲混施和休闲不施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦混施和种麦不施处理（P〈0．05）,但显著低于淹水混施和淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）;淹水混施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）,而休闲混施和休闲不施处理、种麦混施和种麦不施处理间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。水稻生长期CH4排放通量与5、10cm处土温呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,而与土壤肌无显著相关性（p〉0．05）。改冬季淹水和休闲稻田为种植小麦或在水稻移栽前对休闲稻田实施除草措施能显著减少稻田CH4排放量,是一种既增加农作物产量又能达到减少温室气体CH4排放的农业措施,具有很大的应用推广价值。     

不同秸秆还田方式效果对比研究

采用堆沤还田、粉碎还田和直接还田对玉米秸秆腐解特征和养分释放特征进行了研究。结果表明:经过105 d的腐解,粉碎还田处理下的秸秆74.1%、堆沤还田处理的71.2%、直接还田处理的65.4%被腐解。玉米秸秆的腐解速度为粉碎还田堆沤还田直接还田。堆沤还田方式下氮、磷、钾释放率分别为53.6%、90.2%、58.4%;粉碎还田方式下分别为58.7%、95.6%、53.9%;直接还田方式下为49.8%、88.5%、53.3%。作物秸秆磷的释放率最大。     

Quantitative structure—activity studies of insect growth regulators. XI. Stimulation and inhibition of N-acetylglucosamine incorporation in a cultured integument system by substituted N-tert-butyl-N,N′-dibenzoylhydrazines

The ability to stimulate N-acetylglucosamine (GluNAc) incorporation in-vitro of a number of N-tert-butyl-N,N′-dibenzoylhydrazines having various substituents on both phenyl rings was measured in cultured integument excised from the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker). The relationship between in-vitro and larvicidal potency was approximately linear. The substituent effects on variations in the potency were similar between in-vitro and larvicidal activities. An inhibitor of oxidative detoxication, piperonyl butoxide, had no synergistic effects on the in-vitro potency. The ability of some dibenzoylhydrazines to inhibit GluNAc incorporation at exposure periods longer than the optimum for stimulation was also measured in a similar cultured integument system. The relationship between the inhibitory and stimulatory potency indices was linear, indicating that the larvicidal activity of dibenzoylhydrazines is closely related to its ability to stimulate as well as to inhibit GluNAc incorporation into the larval cuticle.     

皖南红黄壤地区水稻氮磷施用技术的研究

试验结果表明:氮磷能促进水稻的生长发育和提高产量.通过建立肥料效应函数方程式和经济效益评价,得出最佳施肥量为氮每亩7.5-9.0公斤,磷每亩4.0～5.0公斤.氮肥全层混施的处理,氮素利用率、产量要比撒施处理的高.无机有机配合施用,要考虑有机肥料的碳氮比.     

基于稻草还田的氮肥优化管理研究

采用田间试验比较研究了在水稻秸秆还田环境下不同施氮模式对土壤N素供应、氮肥利用率及其对水稻生产力的影响。结果表明,稻草还田改善了土壤的供氮能力,不论在背景氮较低的砂性土壤上还是在背景氮较高的粘性土壤上,稻草还田配施减量氮肥(N1、N3处理全年施氮量180kg.hm-2,其中桃江主试验中N1处理早稻施氮80kg.hm-2,60%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥施用;晚稻施氮105kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用;桃源氮替代试验中N1、N3处理早稻施氮81kg.hm-2,晚稻施氮99kg.hm-2,N1处理早、晚稻氮肥施用分配比例为基肥30%,分蘖肥30%,穗肥40%,N3处理早稻氮肥50%为基肥,50%为分蘖肥施用,晚稻氮肥50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用)处理,相对于移走稻草 高量氮肥(N2处理其中桃江主试验早稻施氮量115kg.hm-2,晚稻施氮量为150kg.hm-2,分别以60%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥施用;桃源氮替代试验早稻施氮量为108kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,50%为分蘖肥施用,晚稻施氮量为132kg.hm-2,50%为基肥,40%为分蘖肥,10%为穗肥施用)处理之间稻田系统生产力无显著差异,但每年节约60～80kg纯氮化肥的投入,提高了其边际成本报酬率。分次施氮的效果表明,稻草还田下等量氮肥不同施氮模式(N1、N3)处理之间,水稻产量差异不显著,但水稻吸氮高峰集中在分蘖旗至孕穗期,N1模式减少了基肥施氮量,防止了因作物未能及时吸收导致的土壤速效氮的损失,而适当增加作物后期施氮量又能有效缓减作物后期生长大量吸氮的要求与微生物分解稻草固持矿质氮之间的矛盾,改善了土壤的供氮状况,其效果最优。因此,在全年稻草还田量为7500kg.hm-2的红壤稻田系统,根据投入氮肥的边际收益,全年适宜配施氮量为180kg.hm-2,且各时期施氮量优化比例为基肥30%、分蘖肥30%、穗肥40%。     

秸秆还田深度对春玉米农田土壤有机碳、氮含量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究秸秆还田旋耕深度对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响,明确不同秸秆还田深度条件下土壤理化性质与酶活性的关系,在3年（2016—2018年）田间微区定位试验条件下,研究秸秆旋耕还田10 cm（S₁D₁）、20 cm（S₁D₂）、30 cm（S₁D₃）和秸秆移除旋耕10 cm（S₂D₁）、20 cm（S₂D₂）、30 cm（S₂D₃） 6个处理对东北春玉米农田土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明：旋耕深度（D）及其与秸秆处理（S）交互作用（S×D）显著影响土壤有机碳（SOC）含量,0~20 cm土层S₁D₁、S₁D₂处理SOC含量较S₁D₃处理高1.2%~16.0%,而20~40 cm土层S₂D₃处理SOC含量最高。旋耕深度、秸秆处理及两者交互作用对土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响显著。在0~40 cm土层,D₁、D₂旋耕深度下秸秆还田处理NO₃^--N含量比秸秆移除处理平均提高46.9%和34.9%,NH₄⁺-N含量平均降低31.6%和4.4%。在各旋耕深度下,S₁处理0~20 cm土层蔗糖酶和脲酶活性高于S₂处理,20~30 cm土层过氧化氢酶活性低于S₂处理。相关性分析表明,SOC、土壤全氮（TN）与NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与pH、土壤含水量（SWC）呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,与S₁D₁相比,S₁D₂对0~20土层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和0~40 cm土层SOC、TN含量影响更明显。综上所述,秸秆旋耕还田20 cm可改善0~40 cm土层养分水平,提高土壤酶活性,推荐为东北春玉米产区农田土壤培肥的合理秸秆还田方式。     

不同秸秆还田量对旱地土壤水肥和玉米生长与产量的影响

以阜新地区为例,开展不同秸秆还田量对旱地土壤水肥和玉米生长与产量的影响研究。试验设计0 kg·hm^-2,6 000 kg·hm^-2,12 000 kg·hm^-2,18 000 kg·hm^-2、24 000 kg·hm^-2共5个处理,3次重复,共15个小区,小区面积(4 m×15 m)为60 m²。研究结果表明,对照CK不施用秸秆处理,深耕加秸秆的方法,土壤含水量显著增加,除了对照之外,各个处理剂量之间的差异并不明显,且呈先上升而后下降趋势。说明秸秆在土壤中始终处于水分的非饱和状态,并不是秸秆剂量越大越好。各个层次土壤容重与对照相比变化较明显,其中10～20 cm深处土壤容重变化最大,各个处理土壤容重表现出随秸秆还田量增加土壤容重降低值减少的趋势,下降幅度为12 000 kg·hm^-2>6 000 kg·hm^-2>18 000 kg·hm^-2。秸秆还田处理,提高了植物的叶绿素含量,促进了植物的光合效率,以12 000 kg·h m^-2处理较好。不同处理对玉米产量影响差异显著,达到了5%的显著水平,施入量在0～12 000 kg·hm^-2之间,玉米产量呈上升趋势,超过18 000 kg·hm^-2产量呈下降趋势,因此建议推广剂量为12 000 kg·hm^-2。     

Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil

Soil pH is one of the most influential variables in soil, and is a powerful factor in influencing the size, activity and community structure of the soil microbial community. It was previously shown in a century old artificial pH gradient in an arable soil (pH 4.0-8.3) that bacterial growth is positively related to pH, while fungal growth increases with decreasing pH. In an attempt to elucidate some of the mechanisms for this, plant material that especially promotes fungal growth (straw) or bacterial growth (alfalfa) was added to soil samples of the pH gradient in 5-day laboratory incubation experiments. Also, bacterial growth was specifically inhibited by applying a selective bacterial growth inhibitor (bronopol) along the entire pH gradient to investigate if competitive interaction caused the shift in the decomposer community along the gradient. Straw benefited fungal growth relatively more than bacterial, and vice versa for alfalfa. The general pattern of a shift in fungal:bacterial growth with pH was, however, unaffected by substrate additions, indicating that lack of a suitable substrate was not the cause of the pH effect on the microbial community. In response to the bacterial growth inhibition by bronopol, there was stimulation of fungal growth up to pH 7, but not beyond, both for alfalfa and straw addition. However, the accumulation of ergosterol (an indicator of fungal biomass) during the incubation period after adding alfalfa increased at all pHs, indicating that fungal growth had been high at some time during the 5-day incubation following joint addition of alfalfa and bronopol. This was corroborated in a time-series experiment. In conclusion, the low fungal growth at high pH in an arable soil was caused to a large extent by bacterial competition, and not substrate limitation.     

Nitrogen Mineralization of Two Manures as Influenced by Contrasting Application Methods under Laboratory Conditions

The decomposition and the associated nitrogen (N) dynamics of organic N sources are affected by their contact with soil. While several authors have examined the effect of surface application or incorporation of crop residues on their decomposition rate, less information is available about the relationship between the placement of animal manure and their N mineralization rate. This study investigated the influence of chicken manure and cattle manure placement on soil N mineralization. The manures were incorporated or surface applied at 175 mg N kg^?1, and N release was periodically determined over 56 days by measuring inorganic N [nitrate (NO₃ ^?) N and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) N] in a 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) extract at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Results indicated that the control soil released a maximum of 64 mg N kg^?1 soil at day 21, a sixfold increase over the initial concentration, which indicates its substantial mineralization potential. Manure treatments showed an initial increase in net NO₃ ^?-N content at the start of the experiments (until day 7) before an extended period of immobilization, which ended at day 21 of the incubation. A small but positive net N mineralization of all manures was observed from 28 days of incubation. At each sampling time, the mean mineral N released from the control was significantly less (P < 0.01) than surface-applied chicken manure, incorporated chicken manure, and surface-applied cattle manure. Treatments exceptions were at days 21 and 28 where N immobilization was at its peak. In contrast, incorporation of cattle manure showed a different N-release pattern, whereby the mineral N amount was only significantly greater than the control soil at days 42 and 56 with 84 and 108 mg N kg^?1 soil respectively. Incorporation of chicken manure and cattle manure did not favor nitrification as much as surface application and cattle manure caused a much greater immobilization when incorporated than when surface applied.     

秸秆还田方式和氮肥类型对黄淮海平原夏玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究黄淮海平原不同秸秆还田方式和施氮类型对夏玉米农田生态系统土壤呼吸的影响,于2010年6—10月,采用LI-COR-6400-09土壤气室连接红外线气体分析仪(IRGA)对玉米农田行间掩埋秸秆区的土壤呼吸作用进行了连续测定。结果表明,常规施肥下,玉米生育期内秸秆行间掩埋处理(ISFR)的平均土壤呼吸速率显著高于秸秆移除(NSFR)和秸秆覆盖(SFR)处理(P<0.05)。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用化学氮肥处理中,配施50.4 kg(N).hm 2处理(ISF3)的平均土壤呼吸速率为(178.85±46.60)mg(C).m 2.h 1,显著高于配施33.6 kg(N).hm 2处理(ISF2)的(124.11±23.18)mg(C).m 2.h 1(P<0.05)。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用鸡粪处理中,鸡粪施用量为33.6kg(N).hm 2(ISOM2)处理的平均土壤呼吸速率为(208.08±31.54)mg(C).m 2.h 1,施用16.8 kg(N).hm 2(ISOM1)和50.4 kg(N).hm 2(ISOM3)处理的为(135.07±21.97)mg(C).m 2.h 1、(171.43±43.31)mg(C).m 2.h 1,相比ISOM2处理,ISOM1和ISOM3处理的平均土壤呼吸速率降低了35.09%和17.61%。ISOM2处理玉米季CO2排放累积量为499.39 g(C).m 2,显著高于ISF2处理的297.86 g(C).m 2。秸秆行间掩埋配合施用化学氮肥对土壤呼吸速率的影响小于配合施用鸡粪的影响,配合施用16%总氮的鸡粪,即33.6 kg(N).hm 2时C/N比最适宜土壤微生物的代谢活动。